BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4355E/y4355e08.htm#TopOfPage

Ataga, D.O., Ilechie, C.O., & Omoti, U. 1993. Small-scale Palm Oil Processing Technology in Nigeria. Paper presented to BUROTROP-AFOPDA Seminar on Small and Medium Scale Palm and Coconut Technologies, Accra, Ghana.
Harris, R. April 1995. A Survey of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Extraction Equipment manufactured in Europe, Central and West Africa and Latin America. Final Technical Report on FAO Project GCP/INT/588/CFC.
Poku, K. 1983. Foya Palm Oil Mill Project Technical Evaluation of Machinery and Equipment Supply for Liberian Produce Marketing Corporation Project File
Poku, K. 1993. Innovations in Village Based Palm Oil Processing. Paper presented at the BUROTROP-AFOPDA Seminar on Small- and Medium-Scale Oil Palm and Coconut Technologies, Accra, Ghana.
Poku, K. 1998. Oil Palm Smallholder Development: Processing Technology Mission Report presented on FAO Project TCP/MLW/6612
Rouziere, A. 1995. Etude Mini et Micro Huileries de Palm en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. Mission Report for Caisse Française de Développement. CIRAD-CP 793.
Tang, S.T. & Teoh, P.K. 1995. Palm Kernel Oil Extraction - The Malaysian Experience. Paper presented to the World Conference on Processing of Palm, Palm Kernel, and Coconut Oils, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society Vol. 62/No.2/Feb.1985, Pg. 255.

FAO AGRICULTURAL SERVICES BULLETIN148
ISSN 1010-1365
byKwasi PokuFAO ConsultantGhana
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2002
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
FOREWORD
1. INTRODUCTION
2 OIL PALM
2.1 Origin of oil palm
2.1.1 Early trading in palm products
2.2 Oil palm farm systems in Africa
2.2.1 Small-scale farms2.2.2 Medium-scale farms2.2.3 Large-scale farms
2.3 Principles of preservation and processing methods
3. PALM OIL PROCESSING
3. 1 General processing description
3.1.1 Bunch reception3.1.2 Threshing (removal of fruit from the bunches)3.1.3 Sterilization of bunches3.1.4 Digestion of the fruit3.1.5 Pressing (Extracting the palm oil)
3.1.5.1 Batch presses3.1.5.2 Continuous systems
3.1.6 Clarification and drying of oil3.1.7 Oil storage3.1.8 Kernel recovery
3.2 Process equipment design and selection criteria
3.2.1 Batch systems3.2.2 Semi-continuous systems
3.3 Plant sizing3.4 Process technology/capital investment considerations
4. TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES AND INNOVATIONS IN SMALL-SCALE PALM OIL PROCESSING
4.1 Mechanical extraction4.2 Direct screw-pressing4.3 Hydraulic presses4.4 Combination digester and hydraulic press systems4.5 Combination mechanical digester and screw-press
5. PALM KERNEL OIL EXTRACTION
5.1 Mechanical extraction5.2 Solvent extraction5.3 Traditional method of palm kernel extraction
6. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Treatment of solid waste products6.2 Treatment of aqueous effluent
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEX 1: Major manufacturers and designers of palm processing equipment in Africa
BENINCAMEROONNIGERIAGHANA
FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS